CBSE Syllabus of Class 12th MATH 2022-2023:

In the 12th science curriculum, mathematics is divided into two main categories – Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. Pure Mathematics covers topics such as calculus, algebra, and geometry, while Applied Mathematics includes topics such as statistics, probability, and numerical analysis. Students in the 12th science curriculum are exposed to a wide range of mathematical concepts and principles, including functions, limits, differentiation, integration, trigonometry, matrices, determinants, vectors, and probability.

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

  1.   Relations and Functions 15 Periods   Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions.  

2. Inverse Trigonometric    

    Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit-II: Algebra

1.  Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. On- commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.  

Unit-III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

  Continuity       and      differentiability,      chain      rule,      derivative       of     inverse                          trigonometric functions, 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 sin−1  , cos−1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives.  

2. Applications of derivatives                                                                           

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real- life situations).  

3.  Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them. dx                 dx                    dx                        dx                         dx ax   ∫ x2 ± a2, ∫ √x2 ± a2 , ∫ √a2 − x2 , ∫ ax2 + bx + c , ∫ √                     2+bx+c px + q ∫ ax2 + bx + c px + q dx, ∫                            dx, ∫ √a2 ± x2 dx, ∫ √x2 − a2 dx   √ax2+bx + c   ∫ √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥,   Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)  

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type.

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.                

2.Three – dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Unit-V: Linear Programming  

1.  Linear Programming              

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).  

Unit-VI: Probability    

1.  Probability              

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of random variable.  

Conclusion

In conclusion, mathematics is an essential subject in the 12th-grade science curriculum. It provides students with a strong foundation in mathematical concepts, principles, and techniques, which are essential for pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The study of mathematics in the 12th-grade curriculum enables students to develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, and analytical skills.

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